Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Referral Reasons By John Doe - 1597 Words
Referral Reasons John Doe is a 28 year old Caucasian male. Mr. Doe carries a primary diagnosis of moderate intellectual impairment, along with the secondary diagnoses of autism and mild schizoaffective disorder. He was receiving residential services through Parsons State Hospital and Training Center until 2013, when his guardian expressed concern that the rights of Mr. Doe were being unreasonably restricted. To ease his concern about the rigorous restriction of Mr. Doeââ¬â¢s rights, the guardian began to do some research on less restrictive placements that would offer Mr. Doe community inclusion. After some research, Doeââ¬â¢s guardian discovered Adele Services; an agency that offers community based living, a Special Olympics team, and leisurelyâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This goal and reward system was implemented by Doeââ¬â¢s guardian and case manager. Doe has been known to use technology to view child pornography. As a result Adele Services has had to rigorously monito r his internet use. One of his goals is to appropriately use the internet for one hour each night in his home. After he uses the internet, his housing staff will view his kindle to ensure that no child pornography has been browsed. If he meets his goal, he can browse the web again the next day, but if he views child pornography his guardian will be notified and his kindle will be taken away until further notice. Helping Process The agency is currently in the ââ¬Å"implementationâ⬠stage of the helping process with Doe. Because he made the choice to slam his head through the wall at day services two weeks ago, his case manager and guardian are making efforts to improve his maladaptive behaviors. Doe visited his psychiatrist and had his medication adjusted in order to decrease the likelihood of further self- harm. Adele Services staff continues to speak with Doe about appropriate ways to express his anger, but still hopes the new medication will benefit him. To assess any needs or issues Doe has in his home or day services he can enter his case managerââ¬â¢s office at any time he chooses. Together the case manager and Doe discuss the programs and plans Adele Services has implemented into Does life. The case manager may write down any important issues in theShow MoreRelatedJohn Doe Is A Resilient Young Man996 Words à |à 4 PagesJohn Doe is a resilient young man. I did not expect to come across a di fficult case a few weeks into my traineeship at Catholic Charities. Johnââ¬â¢s story had a significant impact on me and I hope that today he is thriving, happy, and received the help he needed. I must admit that in the mock report I omitted some of the details of the abuse and neglect that John experienced. At the time of the report this was an open case with an assigned social worker. Risk Assessment At Catholic Charities we haveRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm ) System Integration Essay1563 Words à |à 7 Pagesd). For the three key record types, an example of usage is detailed below. SFDC Usage John Smith is assigned to ABC Widgets and has recently met face-to-face with Jane Doe, Director of Marketing. As a result of the meeting, Jane provided John with a referral to Jack Johnson, VP of Marketing and received an opportunity to bid on a 1,000-piece direct mail campaign for a new product launch. Jane Doe Entry John would start his CRM utilization with entering in the face-to-face meeting as an activityRead MoreCentral City Concern Policies And Procedures3412 Words à |à 14 Pagesor State law without a valid authorization. â⬠¢ Treatment may include, but is not limited to, the consultation between health care providers relating to a patient; the provision, coordination, or management of health care and related services; or referrals to or from another health care provider. â⬠¢ Payment may include, but is not limited to, determining a patientââ¬â¢s eligibility for health benefits coverage, billing and collections, medical necessity review, pre-certification, and to a health care providerRead MoreSample of Business Valuation Report7676 Words à |à 31 PagesCertified Business Appraisals, LLC Business Valuation Report Prepared for: John Doe Client Business, Inc. 1 Market Way Your Town, CA July 25, 2010 1 Market Street Suite 100 Anytown, CA 95401 Web: www.yourdomain.com | Tel 1-999-BUS-NESS | Email appraisals@yourdomain.com Table of Contents Description of the Appraisal Assignment............................ 6à Standard and Premise of Value .......................................... 6à Scope of the Report ...........................Read MoreADVANCE Individual and Group Counseling,Diagnosis and Assessment of the Addicted Client.4613 Words à |à 19 PagesLCPC Psych 641 Wilber L. 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In Zimbabwe a woman who had been abused said that, ââ¬Å"The police reported they could notRead MoreIntroduction.. Service Users Expect Social Workers To Intervene3753 Words à |à 16 Pagesemotional well-being leading to greater life satisfaction for her. This will thus enable Alice to focus on herself, gain her independence and identity and improve the relationship of ?mother and daughter? that she craves. Social Services received a referral, requesting help to deal with Joan?s needs. Alice states it is beginning to affect her health, and she can no longer cope. Approaching this, I will use attachment and systems theory to try and understand Joan? s relationships, her family and theRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words à |à 338 Pagesââ¬Å"Sergeant,â⬠not as Eââ¬â5 (see table 1ââ¬â1). d. All chaplains are addressed as Chaplain, regardless of military grade or professional title. When a chaplain is addressed in writing, grade is indicated in parentheses; for example, Chaplain (Major) John F. Doe. e. Conferring honorary titles of military grade upon civilians is prohibited. However, honorary titles already conferred will not be withdrawn. 2 AR 600ââ¬â20 â⬠¢ 18 March 2008 Table 1ââ¬â1 Grades of rank, U.S. Army General officers GradeRead MoreThe Mind of a Marketing Manager26114 Words à |à 105 Pageslong-standing part of the business, or a heritage brand, or to say no to entering a certain market, or serving particular segments of customers. We shy away because we aren t completely convinced it s the right thing to do? Because there might be strong reasons for and against it or, with eternal optimism, one might believe that an under-performer will come good again. And even if we had total clarity, we still need the guts to do it, to reject an audience that we have always served, to endure the backlashRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words à |à 820 PagesStatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 5.8. Components of a Mission Statement . . . . . . . . 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Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Socialization of the Nacirema Tribe Essay Example For Students
Socialization of the Nacirema Tribe Essay Societies often exercise complicated religious ceremonies and daily services that are seemingly irrational, but define their culture and give them a distinct personality. In ââ¬Å"Body Ritual among the Naciremaâ⬠, author Horace Miner (1956) recalls his studies about a ââ¬Å"North American group called the Nacirema, living in the territory between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and Taraumare of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antillesâ⬠(Miner, 1956). During his expedition, Miner (1956) viewed many outwardly odd Nacirema practices such as ââ¬Å"using magical potions and charms to defend against ailments, or drilling holes in their teeth, so they can insert supernatural substances that draw friendsâ⬠(Miner 1956). In order to better understand a societyââ¬â¢s culture, research methods such as the ââ¬Å"life course approachâ⬠, ââ¬Å"role takingâ⬠, and ââ¬Å"resocializationâ⬠should be studied. According to Schaefer (2012) a ââ¬Å"life course approach focuses on the social factors that influence people throughout their lives and recognizes that biological changes mold but do not dictate human behaviorâ⬠(Schaefer, 2012). In Minerââ¬â¢s (1956) writings, he explains the Nacirema custom of telling a ââ¬Å"listenerâ⬠oneââ¬â¢s problems, so he can ââ¬Å"exorcise the devils lodged in oneââ¬â¢s headâ⬠(Miner, 1956). This is similar to the American custom of going to a psychologist in order to determine and remedy reasons for unhealthy thoughts or mental issues. Although Miner (1956) does not give a specific example of an individualââ¬â¢s appointment with a ââ¬Å"listener,â⬠it is likely that a personââ¬â¢s problems resulted from family issues, physical attributes, social status, where one lives, or any other ââ¬Å"social factorsâ⬠(Miner, 1956). If I was to examine my life using the ââ¬Å"life course approach,â⬠I would. .roach, role taking, or resocialization. According to Miner (1995) ââ¬Å"without the power and guidance of early crude and irrelevant magic, man could not have mastered his practical difficulties as he has done, nor could man have advanced to the higher stages of civilizationâ⬠(Miner, 1956). Before deeming a culture as worthless, think about how each culture started; no culture began with the most logical belief system or way of living, so even though this tribe may not seem so advanced, it may just be starting and have many future opportunities for greatness. Works CitedMiner Horace. (1956). Body Ritual among the Nacirema. Retrieved from https://www. msu.edu/~jdowell/miner.html Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Socialization. Sociology: a brief introduction (13th ed., pp. 76-114). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Saturday, April 11, 2020
Hall Essays - English-language Films, The Fall Of The House Of Usher
Hall Of House Of Usher Fall of the House of Usher "During the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens..." is the opening sentence to the ever strange The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe (1373). This sentence pretty much simplifies the mood of this gothic tale of death and the supernatural. This story encompasses a unique setting which acts out the story by itself. Much emphasis is placed on the looks and feeling that the house gives to the unnamed narrator. Through the use of imagery this great poet sets the mood or foreshadows what is expected to come. The ever presence of the "mansion of gloom" causes the reader to imply that only evil and death shall arise from the house (Poe 1374). Imagery, when used correctly, can be a mighty weapon that gives any story a certain feeling different from others. Imagery sets the stage to give the reader an idea of what the setting is and how it effects the outcome of the story. In the introduction of this tale the narrator approaches a house of a long time friend, Roderick Usher, and has a "sense of insufferable gloom pervading my spirit" (Poe 1374). To the narrator the windows appear to be "vacant" and "eye-style" and the narrator goes on to observe the "rank edges," and the "black and lurid tarn," in which he sees the reflection of the house. He later says, "when I again uplifted my eyes to house itself, from its image in the pool, there grew a strange fancy..." (Poe 1376). Although the narrator tried to view everything he sees in a rational manner, upon seeing the house and its surroundings, he has a sense of superstition. He goes on to say that, "about the whole mansion and domain there hung an atmosphere peculiar to themselves and their immediate vicinity" (Poe 1377). This statement indicates that perhaps the house does indeed have supernatural characteristics. The narrator also notices the fungi on the walls and the poor structure of the house and suggest that something possibly supernatural is holding the house intact, otherwise it would have fallen to the ground long ago. The setting is shown to be the house itself and all of these quotations concrete the fact that Poe used various gloomy descriptions in order to get across the total evil that encompasses the house. Death is apparent and is "in the air" because the house is ghostly and everything involving the Mathusalehistic (Bible) house. Setting can not just be quarantined by itself when analyzing a story because many details make up the overall setting. Setting is not limited to concrete objects and places but a feeling can also be the inner setting of the story. In The Fall of the House of Usher several great aspects of the setting are death, supernatural, evil, and everything else from the dark side of the spectrum. In the story there is an increase of negativity on the atmosphere of sorrow, which turns to one of great evil, which leads to death: death of Roderick Usher. It is in the atmosphere and creates a living nightmare for Roderick. It is a nightmare that wants to escape but cannot - that is he can not escape the nightmare alive. In this story death is not considered as a bad occurrence, especially for Usher, who uses death as his only means of escape: his only way to freedom. And in the end Lady Madeline of Usher seeks revenge on Roderick but she does not know that he welcomes death. Usher preferred death than the hellish prison his life was becoming. It is death, in the fall of Usher; Usher finally has peace- he finally has freedom. Poe uses death and evil as the main non-concrete setting of the story. The whole entire story revolves around this feeling of death and becomes a major setting of the story. The setting of any story greatly influences what the reader is suppose to perceive from what will happen and what is actually happening. In the story The Fall of the House of Usher Poe with the use of imagery gives the reader a sense of the total evil of the house. The mood for the story can be seen rather early on and is intended to get the reader in the right frame of mind for what is about to happen. Poe also used a thought or
Tuesday, March 10, 2020
Asiatic Cholera essays
Asiatic Cholera essays The disease known as Asiatic cholera first infiltrated Great Britain in 1831, with its arrival in Sunderland1. From there, it broke out in epidemic proportions through 1832. Three more epidemics would follow the 1832 outbreak, 1848, 1854, and 1866. Cholera is defined as an acute infectious disease, originated in India, characterized by profuse vomiting, cramps, etc.2 These epidemics killed numerous Brits and effected many more. Several reasons can be seen for the continued importation and spread during these different epidemics. Amongst the most prominent is dispute within the medical community. Until Robert Koch was credited with isolating Vibrio cholerae in 18833, the community was constantly torn over the cause of disease in general and specifically cholera. Many theories came about, each seemingly disputing the previous. With these new scientific theories came arguments as to the best methods to prevent, control and deal with the cholera. Until Kochs discovery ended the dispute, there was never a general consensus as to the best method of care for cholera victims. This paper will look at the causes and symptoms of cholera, statistics of the four outbreaks, the different effects that cholera had on the lay people, and the differing theories and how they slowed progress towards prevention of cholera. Cholera is a disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. Cholera is spread through water or food that has been contaminated by the feces of others infected with cholera4. Symptoms include several characteristics. Initially, the person is anxious, and nauseated as well as dizzy. This is followed by severe vomiting and diarrhea, with feces that are a grayish liquid, often called rice water. This is soon followed by extreme muscle cramps (or even seizures) and a desire for water. This is followed by the sinking stage where the patients pulse and body t...
Saturday, February 22, 2020
Health Informatics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Health Informatics - Article Example It evaluates the environmental factors that affect internal and external business operations within the health sector. This aids in designing viable modalities of correcting possible complications that may affect performance (Procter, 2009). Effective business assessment is achievable through application of credible informatics ideals and information technology (IT) systems. This explains the relationships between the concepts because IT enabled systems enhance the evaluation of business processes and provision of reliable results (Hayes & Aspray, 2010). This is useful in health institutions where assessment of performance may be difficult based on the data concerns. In such an environment, the use of IT enabled systems is paramount in enabling managers to perform effective business analysis. Analysis of operations is critical because healthcare focuses on delicate services that are provided based on guidelines. Health administrators are answerable for evaluating their operations with the intent of establishing the quality of the services, data management and the use of modern equipments (Hayes & Aspray, 2010). The application of the IT and informatics seeks to expand nursing services to cover more patients and provide accurate and quality services. It will also develop vibrant health institutions that understand patient needs with proper storage of data. Organizations obtain, process, and store various types of data that focus on their daily operations and contribute to their performance (Procter, 2009). The data may range from finances, supplies, customersââ¬â¢ and employee data. This information must be managed under set guidelines to ensure optimal confidentiality as ethically required. This is achievable through systematic data management procedures that are not interrupted (Lewis, 2005). Health institutions that manage patient data relating to lab report, medicine
Thursday, February 6, 2020
Emerging technologies- Nanotechnology Research Paper
Emerging technologies- Nanotechnology - Research Paper Example At the same time, technology was coming up with the ability to create simple structures at a molecular level. As the concept of nanotechnology became more acceptable, the wordââ¬â¢s meaning shifted to include the much simpler nano-meter scale kinds of technology. Richard Feynman envisioned the theoretical capability of nanotechnology in the 1950s, when he talked about building billions of tiny factories that manufactured simultaneously by maneuvering objects atom by atom. Based on this vision, advanced nanotechnology aims to use mechanochemistry via guidance using molecular systems of machines. Shortly after molecular machinery as envisioned comes into play, it is expected that a manufacturing revolution will ensue. What need does nanotechnology address? The quality of all man-made products is dependent on the atomic arrangement of the productââ¬â¢s components. The cost of these products is also dependent on the process used to produce them, and ease of getting molecules and at oms to link up as we want them (Wilson, 2010). The energy used to create products, and the pollution it emits is also dependent upon the methods used to place, as well as connects the molecules to give out the desired product. Nanotechnologyââ¬â¢s goal is to improve the amount of control, over the building process of products, to ensure they are of high quality and do not cause destructive environmental impact. Nanotechnology is one of the worldââ¬â¢s hope for the solution to dirty and crude technologies that harm the earthââ¬â¢s biosphere. This technology has been identified as vital in addressing renewable and clean energy, global clean water supply and health improvement, preserving and healing the environment, availing information to all, and enabling the development of space. How does it improve upon existing designs? Nanotechnology can be used to improve on existing designs by allowing for the increased control over matterââ¬â¢s structure, which has been a primary project for mankind since early man. Nanotechnology, in todayââ¬â¢s world, is helping to improve many industrial and technological sectors such as transportation, food safety, security, medicine, environmental science, energy and information technology. Most of its benefits are dependent on the ability to tailor essential material structures at the nano-scale in order to achieve particular properties (Einsiedel, 2009). This extends material scienceââ¬â¢s well-used tools and techniques, via which nanotechnology can be used to make materials better. This could be making materials better conductors of electricity, more sieve-like, more reactive, more durable, lighter or stronger. Already in existence are over eight hundred everyday products sold commercially that are reliant on nanotechnology and its integrated processes. Nano-scale polymer additives can simultaneously make them resilient, durable, stiff and lightweight such as in baseball bats. Nano-scale additives in or on fabr ics can make them wrinkle, stain, and bacterial growth resistant, as well as providing ballistic energy deflections on body armor (Einsiedel, 2009). What technologies does it build upon and/or rely on? Nanotechnology is built upon quantum science and its technology. The quantum size effect describes electron property physics in solids undergoing a great reduction in the size of its particles. This effect comes into play when the nanometer range of size is reached affecting the magnetic, electrical and optical behavior of these materials
Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Term Paper (Climate Change) Essay Example for Free
Term Paper (Climate Change) Essay Acknowledgement It is a great opportunity for me to write about subject like ââ¬Å"Climate Changeâ⬠. At the time of preparing this term paper I am gone through different books and websites which helps me to get acquired with new topics. I can usually focusing on the topics which are important for us to understand about thus subject easily. I acknowledge my deepest gratitude to our dearest English teacher Sir Benedict Geropn who is always sincere and helpful in making us understand the different system in making a research paper. Introduction Climate Change is changing our economy, health and community in diverse ways. Scientists warn that if we do not aggressively curb climate change now, the result will likely be disastrous. There are many questions that is need to be answer. So that we, humans will make some moves in these problem. Carbon dioxide and other global warming pollutions are collecting in the atmosphere like a thickening blanket, trapping the sunââ¬â¢s heat and causing the planet to warm up. Climate change is a complex phenomenon, and itââ¬â¢s full-scale impacts are hard to predict far in advance. But each year scientists learn more about how climate change is affecting the planet and our communities, and most agree that carbon consequences are likely to occur if current trends continue. In addition to impacting our water resources, energy supply, transportation, agriculture and ecosystems, the United States global change research program concludes that climate change also poses unique challenges to human health such as: * Significant increases in the risk of illness and death related to extreme heat and heat waves are very likely. * Some diseases transmitted by food, water and insects are likely to increase. * Certain groups, including children, the elderly and the poor are most vulnerable to a range of climate related health effects. Climate Change affects our environment and natural resources, and impacts our way of life in many ways these are the examples: * Rising sea levels threaten coastal communities and ecosystems. * Changes in the patterns and amount of rainfall, as well as changes in the timing and amount of stream flow, can affect water supplies and water quality and the production of hydroelectricity changing ecosystems influence geographic ranges of many plants and animal species and the timing of their lifecycle events, such as migration and reproduction. We can prepare for some of the likely change impacts to reduce their effects on ecosystem and human well-being. Making such preparations is known as adaptation. Examples of adaptation include strengthening water conservation programs, upgrading storm water systems, developing early warning systems for extreme heat events and preparing for stronger storms through better emergency preparation and response strategies. We can each play an important role in stopping climate change. It is not too late to have a significant impact on future climate change and its effects on us. With appropriate actions by governments, communities, individuals and businesses, we can reduce the amount of greenhouse gas pollution we release and lower the risk of much greater warming and severe consequences. Many of the actions that we can take to address climate change will have other benefits, such as cleaner, healthier air. In addition, communities can take action to prepare for the changes we know are coming. I. Introduction The worldââ¬â¢s climate is changing and the changes will have an enormous impact on our planetââ¬â¢s people, ecosystems, cities and energy use. Average global air temperatures are already 1.4 degrees higher than they were at the start of the 20th century and have risen about 1.1 degree F over just the last 30 years. What is the difference between weather and climate? Climate describe the average or typical conditions of temperature, relative humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, wind speed and direction and other meteorological factors that prevail globally or regionally for extended periods. Weather describes the hourly or daily conditions that people experience each day. Which is why itââ¬â¢s often said that ââ¬Å"Climate is what you expect; weather is what you get.â⬠People expect the weather to change, but have a harder time agreeing exactly how climate is changing. This is because climate change manifests itself differently in different places: because people tend to remember extreme events- such as very hot or cold days of hurricanes and droughts more than subtle changes in trends; and because there have been disagreements between scientists about the magnitude, causes and effects of climate change. What are the solutions for climate change? The first step is admitting that you have a problem. Some of these solutions are Energy conservation, Renewable energy and sequestration. In this research you will know how these things helps in solving climate change. II. What is Weather? Weather is what is going on in the sky and air. Different places can have different kinds of weather at the same time. In one place, there maybe a thunderstorm, in another place there may be snow. In yet another place the weather may ba sunny and warm. Temperature- how hot or cold it is always a part of weather. Rainy Weather when drops of water fall from clouds, the weather is rainy. Sometimes, lots of rain falls, which is collect heavy rain. Other times, only a little rain falls, which is called light rain. ââ¬Å"Rainyâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Light Rainâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Heavy Rainâ⬠all describe the weather. Weather is violent storms, rains, sleet, rail, snow, temperature, wind and much more. It is basically whatever is happening in the air around us. Is the state of atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or starry, clear or cloudy. Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, just below the stratosphere. Weather generally refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used with our qualifications, ââ¬Å"weatherâ⬠is understood to be the weather of earth. Weather is driven by air pressure differences between one place and another these pressure and temperature differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude from the tropics. The strong temperatures contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the jet stream. Weather systems in the mid-latitudes, such as extra tropical cyclones, are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow. Because the Earthââ¬â¢s axis tilted relative to its orbital plane, sunlight is incident a different angles at different times of the year. Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitude due to differences in compression neating. Studying how the weather works on another planet has been helpful in understanding how weather works on earth. On Earth, common weather phenomena include wind, cloud, rain, snow, fog and dust storms. Less common events include natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, typhoons and ice storms. Almost all familiar weather phenomena occur in the troposphere. Weather does occur in the stratosphere and can affect weather lower down in the troposphere, but the exact mechanisms are pearly understood. Weather occurs primarily due to air pressure differences between one place to another these differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude from the tropics. In other words, the farther from the tropics you lay, the lower the sun angle is, which causes those locations to be cooler due to the indirect sunlight. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the jet stream. Weather Systems in the tropics, such as monsoons or organized thunderstorms systems, are caused by different processes. III. What is Climate? Is weather the same a climate? No, because weather is what happens in one place on a single day, or over a few days or weeks. When it rains or snows, people say, ââ¬Å"The weather is wet.â⬠When it is warm outside people say ââ¬Å"the weather is hot.â⬠Climate on the other hand, is the type of weather a place has over 30 or more years. For example, people say ââ¬Å"Death valley has a desert climate.â⬠Climate is the weather that a place usually has year after year. Scientists study temperature and precipitation records over 30 or more years to determine an areas climate such record show, for example, that Death Valley in California has a desert climate. Climate encompasses that statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elemental measurements in a given region over long periods. Climate can be contrasted to weather, which is the present condition of these elements and their variations over shorter periods. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain and altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and their currents. Climate can be classified according ti the average and the typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used classification scheme was originally developed by Wladimir Koppen. A regionââ¬â¢s climate is generated by the Climate System which has five components Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Cryospher, Land Surface and Biosphere. A. Four Main factors that determine climate are: i. Altitude Altitude refers to the vertical distance between the lowest point and the highest point of an area. People generally compare a landââ¬â¢s altitude by measuring the distance from sea level to the highest point. The koppen climate classification uses altitude to divide the climate regions in to the categories for low, mid and high altitudes. Altitude or height is defined based on the context in which it is used- aviation, geometry, geographical survey, sports and more- As a general definition; attitude is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or ââ¬Å"upâ⬠direction, between a reference datum and a point or object. The reference datum also often varies according to the context. Although the term altitude is commonly used to mean the height above the sea level of a location, in geography the term elevation is often preferred for this usage. Vertical distance measurements in the ââ¬Å"downâ⬠direction are commonly referred to us depth. In aviation, the term altitude can have several meanings, and is always qualified by either explicitly adding a modifier or implicitly through the context of the communication. Parties exchanging information must be clear which definition is being used aviation altitude is measured using either Mean Sea Level (MSL) or Local Ground Level (LGL) as the reference datum. The earthââ¬â¢s atmosphere is divided into several altitude regions. The troposphere- surface to 8000 meters (5.0 mi) at the poles- 18000 meter (11 mi) at the equator, ending at the tropo-pause. The stratosphere- troposphere to 50 kilometers (31 mi) The Mesosphere-Stratosphere to 85 kilometers (53 mi). Thermosphere- Mesosphere to 675 kilometers (419 mi) and the exosphere which is from the thermosphere to 1000 kilometers (6200 mi). Relation between the temperature and altitude in Earthââ¬â¢s atmosphere. The Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR), is the rate of decrease of temperature with altitude in the stationary atmosphere of a given time and location. As an average, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines an International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) with a temperature lapse rate of 6.49 K (oC)/ 1000 m (3.56oF or 1.98 K(o()/1000 Ft) from sea levels to 11 kilometers (36 000 ft) Effects of high altitude in humans. Medicine recognizes that altitudes above 1 500 meters (4900 ft) start to affect human, and extreme altitude above 5 500- 6 000 meters (18 000- 20 000 ft0 cannot be permanently tolerated by humans by reducing the partial pressure of oxygen. The higher the altitude, the more likely are serious effects. The human body can adopt to high altitude by breathing faster, having a higher heart rate, and adjusting its blood chemistry. It can take two days or weeks to adapt to high altitude. ii. Latitude Latitude the distance of a region is from the equator, to the north or south. A regionââ¬â¢s latitude determines how much solar energy it receives from the sun, which in turn factors in to the regionââ¬â¢s over all temperature. In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinated that specifies the north-south position of a point on the Earthââ¬â¢s surface. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run equator to 90o at the poles. Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features in the surface of the Earth. Since the actual physical surface at the Earth is too complex for mathematical analysis, two levels of abstraction are employed in the definition of these coordinates. In the first step the physical surface is modeled by the geoid, a surface which approximates the mean sea level over the oceans and its continuation under the land masses, the second step is to approximate the geoid by a mathematically simple reference surface. The simplest choice for the reference surface is a sphere, but the geoid is more accurately modeled by an ellipsoid. The definitions of altitude and longitude on such reference surfaces are detailed in the following sections. Lines if constant latitude and longitude together constitute gratitude on the reference surface. The latitude of a point on the actual surface is that of the corresponding point on the reference surface which passes through the point on the physical surface, latitude and longitude together with some specification of height constitute a geographic coordinate system as defined in the specification of the ISO 1911 standard. Since there are many different reference ellipsoids the altitude of a feature on the surface is not unique: this is stressed in the ISO standard which states that ââ¬Å"Without the full specification of the coordinate reference system, coordinates are ambiguous, such as GPS, but in common wage, where high accuracy is not required, the reference ellipsoid is not usually stated. Measurement of latitude requires an understanding of the gravitational field of the Earth, either for setting up theodolities or for determining of GPS satellite orbits.
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